





from __future__ import annotations

import sys





class   lowercase__     :







  def __init__(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							str			 =		letter
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							int			 =		freq
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							dict[str, str]			 =		{}







  def __repr__(						self    ):
       return F'{self.letter}:{self.freq}'





class   lowercase__     :







  def __init__(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							int			 =		freq
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							Letter | TreeNode			 =		left
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							Letter | TreeNode			 =		right






def 				_lowerCAmelCase			(	_a :       str      )						->      list[Letter]:
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							dict[str, int]			 =		{}
     with open(_a      ) as f:
          while True:
               lowerCAmelCase_       :							Any			 =		f.read(1      )
               if not c:
                    break
               lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[str]			 =		chars[c] + 1 if c in chars else 1
     return sorted((Letter(_a       , _a      ) for c, f in chars.items())       , key=lambda _a      : x.freq      )






def 				_lowerCAmelCase			(	_a :       list[Letter]      )						->      Letter | TreeNode:
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							list[Letter | TreeNode]			 =		letters  # type: ignore
     while len(_a      ) > 1:
          lowerCAmelCase_       :							Any			 =		response.pop(0      )
          lowerCAmelCase_       :							int			 =		response.pop(0      )
          lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[Any]			 =		left.freq + right.freq
          lowerCAmelCase_       :							Union[str, Any]			 =		TreeNode(_a       , _a       , _a      )
          response.append(_a      )
          response.sort(key=lambda _a      : x.freq      )
     return response[0]






def 				_lowerCAmelCase			(	_a :       Letter | TreeNode       , _a :       str      )						->      list[Letter]:
     if isinstance(_a       , _a      ):
          lowerCAmelCase_       :							Union[str, Any]			 =		bitstring
          return [root]
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							TreeNode			 =		root  # type: ignore
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							Tuple			 =		[]
     letters += traverse_tree(treenode.left       , bitstring + """0"""      )
     letters += traverse_tree(treenode.right       , bitstring + """1"""      )
     return letters






def 				_lowerCAmelCase			(	_a :       str      )						->      None:
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							Optional[Any]			 =		parse_file(_a      )
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							Optional[int]			 =		build_tree(_a      )
     lowerCAmelCase_       :							str			 =		{
         k: v for letter in traverse_tree(_a       , """"""      ) for k, v in letter.bitstring.items()
     }
     print(F'Huffman Coding  of {file_path}: '      )
     with open(_a      ) as f:
          while True:
               lowerCAmelCase_       :							Optional[Any]			 =		f.read(1      )
               if not c:
                    break
               print(letters[c]       , end=""" """      )
     print()


if __name__ == "__main__":
      # pass the file path to the huffman function
      huffman(sys.argv[1])







import math





class   lowercase__     :







  def __init__(						self     ,    _lowercase    ):
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							Optional[Any]			 =		len(_lowercase    )
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							Union[str, Any]			 =		[0] * (
           4 * self.N
       )  # approximate the overall size of segment tree with array N
       self.build(1     ,    0     ,    self.N - 1    )







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase    ):
       return idx * 2







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase    ):
       return idx * 2 + 1







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):  # noqa: E741
       if l == r:
            lowerCAmelCase_       :							Dict			 =		A[l]
       else:
            lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[str]			 =		(l + r) // 2
            self.build(self.left(_lowercase    )     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )
            self.build(self.right(_lowercase    )     ,    mid + 1     ,    _lowercase    )
            lowerCAmelCase_       :							Dict			 =		max(self.st[self.left(_lowercase    )]     ,    self.st[self.right(_lowercase    )]    )







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):
       return self.update_recursive(1     ,    0     ,    self.N - 1     ,    a - 1     ,    b - 1     ,    _lowercase    )







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):  # noqa: E741
       if r < a or l > b:
            return True
       if l == r:
            lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[str]			 =		val
            return True
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[str]			 =		(l + r) // 2
       self.update_recursive(self.left(_lowercase    )     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )
       self.update_recursive(self.right(_lowercase    )     ,    mid + 1     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[Any]			 =		max(self.st[self.left(_lowercase    )]     ,    self.st[self.right(_lowercase    )]    )
       return True







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):
       return self.query_recursive(1     ,    0     ,    self.N - 1     ,    a - 1     ,    b - 1    )







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    ):  # noqa: E741
       if r < a or l > b:
            return -math.inf
       if l >= a and r <= b:
            return self.st[idx]
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							int			 =		(l + r) // 2
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[Any]			 =		self.query_recursive(self.left(_lowercase    )     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[str]			 =		self.query_recursive(self.right(_lowercase    )     ,    mid + 1     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )
       return max(_lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )







  def 						UpperCAmelCase__		(						self    ):
       lowerCAmelCase_       :							List[Any]			 =		[]
       for i in range(1     ,    N + 1    ):
            show_list += [self.query(_lowercase     ,    _lowercase    )]
       print(_lowercase    )


if __name__ == "__main__":
      UpperCAmelCase_       : Any							=    [1, 2, -4, 7, 3, -5, 6, 11, -20, 9, 14, 15, 5, 2, -8]
      UpperCAmelCase_       : Optional[Any]							=    15
      UpperCAmelCase_       : List[Any]							=    SegmentTree(A)
      print(segt.query(4, 6))
      print(segt.query(7, 11))
      print(segt.query(7, 12))
      segt.update(1, 3, 1_11)
      print(segt.query(1, 15))
      segt.update(7, 8, 2_35)
      segt.show_data()
